Where do apoptotic signal come from?

Signaling for apoptosis occurs through multiple independent pathways that are initiated either from triggering events within the cell or from outside the cell, for instance, by ligation of death receptors.

Does apoptosis occur in mitochondria?

Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. DNA damage, ischemia and oxidative stress are all examples of apoptotic signals that lead to cell death through the mitochondria. The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

What role does the mitochondria play in apoptosis?

Mitochondria are known to modulate and synchronize Ca2+ signaling. Massive accumulation of Ca2+ in the mitochondria leads to apoptosis. The Ca2+ dynamics of ER and mitochondria appear to be modulated by the Bcl-2 family proteins, key factors involved in apoptosis.

How does a cell signal apoptosis?

Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from within the cell, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as the binding of ligands to cell surface death receptors.

What is an apoptotic body?

Gene Ontology Term: apoptotic body A vesicle containing parts of a dying cell. Apoptotic bodies can be formed during the execution phase of the apoptotic process, when the cell’s cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward.

What is apoptotic pathway?

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis are both naturally occurring processes by which a cell is directed to programmed cell death. Both pathways of apoptosis activate cell signaling cascades that are an indispensable part of the development and function of an organism.

Which of the following is an anti apoptotic protein?

Which of the following is an anti apoptotic protein? Explanation: Bcl-Xs is a Bcl-2 family protein which is pro-apototic, also bim and NOXA are proapoptotic factors. Bfl 1 is an anti apoptotic member of Bcl- 2 family.

What pathways are activated in response to an apoptotic signal?

It is generally accepted that there are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: extrinsic signaling through death receptors that leads to the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and intrinsic signaling mainly through mitochondria which leads to the formation of the apoptosome.

What are the apoptotic pathways?

There are two major pathways leading to apoptosis in the mammalian system: an extrinsic pathway initiated by death receptors and an intrinsic pathway that occurs through the mitochondria (Figure 1). The extrinsic pathway depends on binding of appropriate exogenous mediators to death receptors at the cell surface.

Are apoptotic bodies extracellular vesicles?

Similar to healthy cells, apoptotic cells can also release extracellular vesicles (termed apoptotic extracellular vesicles, ApoEVs). Among them, apoptotic bodies, which were first demonstrated by Kerr et al., were originally considered cell debris and disregarded in mainstream EV research.