What are the 4 vestibular pathways?

Four different pathways have been proposed to transmit vestibular information to cortical centers involved in cognition: (1) the vestibulo-thalamo-cortical pathway; (2) a pathway from the dorsal tegmental nucleus via the lateral mammillary nucleus, the anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the entorhinal cortex; (3) …

What is the main pathway that connects the vestibular and cochlear nuclei with the nuclei controlling the extraocular muscles?

medial longitudinal fasciculus
The main ascending tracts are from the superior and medial vestibular nuclei to the extraocular muscles through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).

Where are the 2 neurons of the vestibular pathways?

Vestibular nuclei. The vestibular nuclei are the four nuclei that lie within the rhomboid fossa of the brainstem. They contain the second-order neurons of the vestibular pathway that synapse with the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

What are the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

It consists of two anatomically and functionally distinct parts: the cochlear nerve, distributed to the hearing organ, and the vestibular nerve, distributed to the organ of equilibrium.

What nerve affects balance?

The vestibulocochlear nerve sends balance and head position information from the inner ear (see left box) to the brain. When the nerve becomes swollen (right box), the brain can’t interpret the information correctly. This results in a person experiencing such symptoms as dizziness and vertigo.

Which five organs make up the vestibular system?

There are five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals. Together, they make up what’s known as the vestibular labyrinth that is shown in Figure 1. The utricle and saccule respond to acceleration in a straight line, such as gravity.

What is the auditory pathway?

Auditory messages are conveyed to the brain via two types of pathway: the primary auditory pathway which exclusively carries messages from the cochlea, and the non-primary pathway (also called the reticular sensory pathway) which carries all types of sensory messages.

What are the sources of input to the central vestibular pathway?

The vestibular nuclei are important centers of integration, receiving input from the vestibular nuclei of the opposite side, as well as from the cerebellum and the visual and somatic sensory systems.

Where is located the body of the 3rd neurons of the vestibular nerve?

Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus are found on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus.

Where is the vestibular sensation transmitted to in the brain?

The vestibular labyrinth is made up of the semicircular canals and the otolith organs (all discussed below), and contains receptors for vestibular sensations. These receptors send vestibular information via the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cerebellum and to nuclei in the brainstem called the vestibular nuclei.

What is the balance nerve?

The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve, transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Where is the balance nerve?

The vestibulocochlear is made up of two nerves—the cochlear nerve, which is responsible for hearing, and the vestibular nerve, which is responsible for balance. As one of the 12 cranial nerves, it runs between the pons (the middle of the brainstem) and the medulla oblongata (the lower part of the brainstem).

What is the anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Master the vestibulocochlear nerve anatomy and function here. The vestibular nuclei are the four nuclei that lie within the rhomboid fossa of the brainstem. They contain the second-order neurons of the vestibular pathway that synapse with the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

What is equequilibrium pathway of thevestibular nerve?

Equilibrium pathway (transverse planes). The 1st neuron of the “vestibular” nerve arises from the utricle, saccule in “vestibule” and the semicircular duct. The bipolar neuron forms the “vestibular” ganglion ( Fig. 3.41) and synapses with the 2nd neuron at the “vestibular” nucleus ( Fig. 3.48 ).

What is the neural pathway of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

Neural pathway of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. They finally project to the muscle of the eye called the lateral rectus through the abducens nerve, the fibers also project to the oculomotor nucleus and activate another muscle of the eyes called the medial rectus muscle through the oculomotor nerve.

How is information conveyed to the vestibular nuclei of the brain?

The information is conveyed to the vestibular nuclei via the ipsilateral vestibulocochlear nerve. The neurons from the superior and medial vestibular nuclei join the MLF and reach the nucleus of the contralateral abducens nerve.