What are the factors affecting nitration?

Rate of these nitration is proportional to the concentration of the added nitric acid and of organic substrate. Nitration in organic solvents (Mixture of nitromethane or acetic acid with nitric acid): • Kinetics of the process depend upon the aromatic compound being nitrated.

Which is the most important Nitrating medium?

Which is the most important Nitrating medium? Explanation: A mixture on nitric acid and sulphuric acid give the most nitrating medium.

Why is mixed acid used in nitration?

(7,9,13) The mixed acid (a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid) composition influences the byproducts formation because sulfuric acid, the reaction catalyst, is responsible for the nitric acid dissociation and, consequently, for the nitronium ion formation (NO2+), the accepted nitrating agent.

Why are nitration reactions important?

There are many major industrial applications of nitration in the strict sense; the most important by volume are for the production of nitroaromatic compounds such as nitrobenzene. Nitration reactions are notably used for the production of explosives, for example the conversion of toluene to TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene).

Why is sulfuric acid used in nitration?

Sulfuric acid is needed in order for a good electrophile to form. Sulfuric acid protonates nitric acid to form the nitronium ion (water molecule is lost). The nitronium ion is a very good electrophile and is open to attack by benzene. Without sulfuric acid the reaction would not occur.

What does nitration give its mechanism?

The most common form of nitration is adding the nitro group to an aromatic ring system in a nitration reaction. A nitronium ion is formed by the action of nitric and sulfuric acids. Water acts as a base to pull off a hydrogen atom from the final product to give the nitrated product.

What do you understand by nitration?

In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin).

What is the purpose of nitration reaction?

Nitration is used to add nitrogen to a benzene ring, which can be used further in substitution reactions. The nitro group acts as a ring deactivator. Having nitrogen present in a ring is very useful because it can be used as a directing group as well as a masked amino group.

Why is a nitration reaction important?

What happens in nitration reaction?

Nitration happens when one (or more) of the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group, NO2. Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The mixture is held at this temperature for about half an hour.

What is nitnitration and why does it matter?

Nitration is a concern primarily in older, lower speed four-stroke stoichiometric engines operating with cool oil sump temperatures. Two-stroke engines generally do not have problems with nitration because of the significant amount of oil that is removed from the crankcase and fed to the combustion cylinder’s oil injection system.

What are the industrial applications of nitration?

Nitration finds various industrial applications of nitration and the most critical by volume is the production of Nitroaromatic compounds like nitrobenzene. Nitration reactions are used notably in the production of explosives like conversion of toluene to trinitrotoluene and conversion of guanidine to nitroguanidine.

What causes nitration in engine oil?

Causes of Nitration in Engine Oil. Nitration is a degradation of the oil that results from a reaction of the oil with gaseous NOx created during combustion. Nitration is somewhat distinctive to natural gas engine oils, especially stoichiometric engines due to their combustion conditions.

Which base oils are least prone to nitration?

Base oils with saturated hydrocarbon structures, such as polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetics and hydrotreated paraffinic oils, seem to be less prone to nitration. Lower viscosity base oils and viscosity index improver additives used in some multigrade oils may be more likely to experience nitration.