What did the DNA evidence from the earliest Near Eastern farmers suggest?

Ancient DNA from the earliest farmers can provide a direct view of the genetic diversity of these populations in the earliest Neolithic. Here, we compare Neolithic haplogroups and their diversity to a large database of extant European and Eurasian populations.

What is the most rare maternal haplogroup?

The rarest haplogroup is U8a, part of haplogroup U. “Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U is among the initial maternal founders in Southwest Asia and Europe and one that best indicates matrilineal genetic continuity between late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer groups and present-day populations of Europe.”

What is the Scandinavian haplogroup?

Haplogroup I1 is the most common type of haplogroup I in northern Europe. It is found mostly in Scandinavia and Finland, where it typically represent over 35\% of the Y chromosomes. Associated with the Norse ethnicity, I1 is found in all places invaded by ancient Germanic tribes and the Vikings.

What mt-haplogroups could have been brought by Middle Eastern mtDNA?

The only interference could come from Middle Eastern mtDNA, especially in Muslim parts of Central Asia and in Xinjiang. Fortunately we have an idea of what mt-haplogroups could have been brought by E1b1b, J1, J2a and T1a populations. They would have brought such as haplogroups HV, N1, J, K, T2 and U3.

What other haplogroups did the Yamna and Khvalynsk groups share?

Both groups would also have harboured other minority haplogroups, including I2a2a-L701, which was found in Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine alongside R1a and R1b, and Q1a, which was found in the Khvalynsk culture, the Chalcolithic predecessor of Yamna between the Don and the Volga.

What is R1 Y haplogroup?

Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA) is the second most predominant Y haplotype found among indigenous Amerindians after Q (Y-DNA). The distribution of R1 is believed by some to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. One theory that was introduced during European colonization.

What haplogroups did the Bronze Age Indo-Europeans share with the Mesolithic?

For example, it is certain that the Bronze Age Indo-Europeans shared haplogroups U2, U4 and U5 with Mesolithic hunter-gathers from the rest of Europe. These lineages are now found in parts of Asia where the Indo-Europeans settled and their frequency correlates with the amount of Indo-European admixture.

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