What increases VMC?

Vmc increases as the C of G is moved aft. The further aft the C of G, the shorter the rudder’s arm is. The shorter the arm, the less effective the rudder. Vmc will be higher since the rudder produces less force at any speed than if the C of G was forward.

How does weight affect the movement of a plane?

Weight is the force that pulls the plane down due to gravity. In order for the plane to get off the ground, the plane must overcome its weight throught the force of lift. The more mass the plane has the more lift it has to produce in order to get off the ground.

Under what circumstance may ramp weight exceed the published maximum takeoff weight?

For example, an aircraft can exceed MTOW when sitting on the ramp but must get rid of this weight before its brakes are released on the departure runway.

What happens to VMC as altitude increases?

normally aspirated engines, VMC is highest at takeoff power and sea level, and decreases with altitude. Above the critical altitude, VMC decreases just as it would with a normally aspirated engine, whose critical altitude is sea level. VMC tests are conducted at a variety of altitudes.

What factor has the strongest impact on VMC?

Vmc is greatest when the CG is at the most aft position. An aft CG shortens the arm to the center of the rudder’s horizontal lift, which means a higher airspeed would be required to counteract the engine-out yaw. So the aft CG has the highest Vmc and a forward CG would decrease Vmc.

Why does max landing weight?

The maximum landing weight (MLW) is the maximum aircraft gross weight due to design or operational limitations at which an aircraft is permitted to land. The MLW is set in order to ensure safe landings; if an aircraft weighs too heavy during touchdown, it may suffer structural damage or even break apart upon landing.

What is maximum landing weight (MLW) limit?

Maximum landing weight (MLW) limit exists primarily to cater for approach climb performance requirements (i.e. go-around requirement). As per 14CFR 25.1001: if the aircraft does not have a fuel dumping system, it must meet the all-engine-operating and one-engine-inoperative climb in the approach climb configuration at maximum takeoff weight.

What happens if an aircraft weighs more than the max landing weight?

In the situation where the aircraft has to immediately turn back after takeoff and land, if the aircraft weighs more than the max landing weight, the airframer provides a fuel dumping system to bring down the all-up weight to the max landing weight.

What are the requirements for fuel dumping in aircraft?

As per 14CFR 25.1001: if the aircraft does not have a fuel dumping system, it must meet the all-engine-operating and one-engine-inoperative climb in the approach climb configuration at maximum takeoff weight. Otherwise, credit can be taken for maximum landing weight.

What is the difference between takeoff and landing loads?

Takeoff loads are less stressful on the airframe and landing gear components than landing loads are. Aircraft can be designed to land at maximum takeoff weights, but the structures and materials required would be heavier. Aircraft braking requirements are also a factor.