What is extra PTB?

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is defined as any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs. It is frequently a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge with paucity of data available.

How can you get pulmonary tuberculosis?

Pulmonary TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tuberculosis). TB is contagious. This means the bacteria are easily spread from an infected person to someone else. You can get TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person.

What is the most common site of extra pulmonary TB?

Lymph node TB This is the most common form of extrapulmonary TB. TB bacilli often infect the lymph nodes in the neck and above the clavicles (the thin bone underneath the shoulders), which then swell and inflame the surrounding skin.

Can extrapulmonary TB transmitted?

How is it transmitted? Mainly transmitted from person to person through the air. When someone with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, spits or speaks, infected droplets can be projected into the air. Inhaled bacteria can then lodge in the lungs and cause TB.

Is extrapulmonary TB communicable?

TB outside of the lung is called extrapulmonary TB. It can also be categorized as being either active or latent. Active TB is contagious and causes symptoms. Latent TB, on the other hand, doesn’t cause symptoms and isn’t contagious.

Can TB occur twice?

Even if you successfully beat tuberculosis, you can get tuberculosis infection again. In fact, TB reinfection is becoming more common. Tuberculosis is a potentially life-threatening, airborne bacterial infection that can be found worldwide.

What occurs in secondary TB?

Secondary pulmonary TB (reactivation) is characterized by a focus of infection and granuloma formation usually in the apex of the lung. The small granulomas (tubercles) eventually coalesce to form larger areas of consolidation with central caseating necrosis. Regional lymph nodes contain caseating granulomas.

Can extrapulmonary TB be transmitted?

Persons with extrapulmonary TB disease usually are not infectious unless they have 1) pulmonary disease in addition to Page 13 Chapter 2: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 31 extrapulmonary disease; 2) extrapulmonary disease located in the oral cavity or the larynx; or 3) extrapulmonary disease that …

Can extrapulmonary TB occur without pulmonary TB?

Approximately 10\% of all TB cases have both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, and an additional 20\% have EPTB without pulmonary involvement (CDC 2014). HIV-infected patients, especially with low CD4 counts, have higher rates of EPTB. Children are more likely to have EPTB than adults.

Can extrapulmonary TB be cured?

In contrast with PTB treatment, cure for EPTB is difficult to define. Moreover, there are no established criteria for the end of treatment. In case of studies on TB lymphadenitis, residual lymph nodes at the end of treatment have usually been used for assessing treatment outcomes.

How common is extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

It is estimated that extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for 15–25\% of all cases of TB. HIV patients, especially with low CD4 counts, have higher rates of EPTB. Children are more likely to have skeletal TB than adults.

Can pulmonary TB reoccur?

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) recurrence can be due to reinfection or relapse. The contribution of each to TB incidence and the factors associated with recurrence are not well known. Effectiveness of TB control programs is assessed in part by recurrence rates.

What is the difference between pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB?

Introduction The two types of clinical manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) are pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The former is most common. EPTB refers to TB involving organs other than the lungs (e.g., pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, or meninges).

What are the treatment options for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?

In general, treatment of extrapulmonary TB follows the same principles as those for pulmonary disease. However, both surgery and the use of corticosteroids may be needed more often in extrapulmonary TB. Corticosteroids should be considered in patients with confirmed CNS or pericardial TB.

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)?

Symptoms of Pulmonary TB Disease (TB disease usually causes one or more of the symptoms) Symptoms of Possible Extrapulmonary TB Disease (Depends on the part of the body that is affected by the disease) •Cough (especially if lasting for 3 weeks or longer) with or without sputum production •Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

How is pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed and treated in India?

In India, the RNTCP protocol is the preferred model of diagnosis and treatment. As with any preventable disease, though, prevention is definitely better than cure, and simple methods such as universal vaccination help to decrease the risk of transmission of infection. What is Pulmonary Tuberculosis?