Table of Contents
- 1 What is single crystal and polycrystalline?
- 2 What is a single crystal material?
- 3 What does polycrystalline structure mean?
- 4 What is a single crystal semiconductor?
- 5 Is germanium a metallic crystal?
- 6 Why is germanium named germanium?
- 7 What is the difference between monocrystalline and polycrystalline germanium?
- 8 Can germanium oxide be used as a photocatalyst?
What is single crystal and polycrystalline?
A crystalline material with a single grain is called a single crystal. A crystalline material consisting of many grains of different orientation (like a ceramic) is called polycrystalline, or alternately if your crush a single crystal, you will obtain different grains with different orientation in the powder sample.
What is a single crystal material?
A single-crystal, or monocrystalline, solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atomic position is limited to short range order only.
What is germanium crystal?
Germanium is a semiconductor in group IVA of the periodic table. Germanium has the diamond cubic crystal structure shown, an fcc lattice with a basis of two germanium atoms, one at (0,0,0) and the other at (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) in units of the cube edge.
What is a polymer single crystal?
1. Introduction. Polymer single crystals (PSCs), with their uniform thickness, are a special kind of ultra-thin films in metastable states [[1], [2]]. In debates over crystallization schemes in polymers, characterizations include crystal orientation, lateral habit, lamellar thickness, and growth rate [[12], [13], [14]] …
What does polycrystalline structure mean?
Polycrystalline materials, or polycrystals, are solids that are composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Most inorganic solids are polycrystalline, including all common metals, many ceramics, rocks, and ice.
What is a single crystal semiconductor?
A single crystal (monocrystal), as it is required in semiconductor manufacturing, is a regular arrangement of atoms. There are polycrystalline (composition of many small single crystals) and amorphous silicon (disordered structure).
Why are polycrystalline materials stronger than single crystals?
The grain boundaries accord higher strength and hardness to polycrystals than that of single crystals. The finer the crystal grains in polycrystals, the larger the ratio of grain boundary regions and the strength and hardness of metals and alloys.
What are examples of single crystals?
Single crystals of quartz, salt, Iceland spar, diamond, and topaz are examples of faceted natural single crystals. Polycrystals and polycrystalline aggregates, which consist of a set of small single crystals of various orientation, are distinguished from single crystals.
Is germanium a metallic crystal?
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin….
| Germanium | |
|---|---|
| Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
| Period | period 4 |
| Block | p-block |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
Why is germanium named germanium?
Germanium is metalloid, which means it has properties of both metals and nonmetals. The name “germanium” comes from the Latin name for Germany, named for Winkler’s home country, according to the Jefferson Lab.
What is polycrystalline material?
A polycrystalline material is comprised of many small crystallites with different crystal orientations that are separated by grain boundaries. This is the common structure of most technical materials. The blade has been cast to a near net shape, and the surface has been etched to show the individual crystallites.
Where are polycrystalline materials used?
Many technologically useful materials are polycrystalline or amorphous in nature. They are used as primary raw materials in energy, semiconductor, solar, manufacturing and photovoltaic industries. Polycrystalline materials have a microstructure composed of single crystals and grain boundaries (GB).
What is the difference between monocrystalline and polycrystalline germanium?
In general, polycrystalline germanium is less expensive and is available in larger sizes than monocrystalline material. In a number of cases, it is worthwhile for an optical designer/fabricator to consider which material class is the better choice for a particular application.
Can germanium oxide be used as a photocatalyst?
Germanium oxide, GeO 2, is inactive for solar hydrogen production due to its solubility in aqueous solutions; however, other germanates are stable and active for photocatalytic reactions [148]. Zinc germinate, Zn 2 GeO 4, was the first germanium-based material to receive attention as a possible water splitting photocatalyst [149].
How are germanium concentrates made?
Regardless of the source of material, all germanium concentrates are first purified using a chlorination and distillation process that produces germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4). Germanium tetrachloride is then hydrolyzed and dried, producing germanium dioxide (GeO2). The oxide is then reduced with hydrogen to form germanium metal powder.
How did the element germanium get its name?
He named the element after his homeland, Germany. During the 1920s, research into the electrical properties of germanium resulted in the development of high purity, single-crystal germanium. Single-crystal germanium was used as rectifying diodes in microwave radar receivers during World War II.